Introduction
Kantian ethics is a deontological moral philosophy developed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Central to his ethical system are the concepts of duty, freedom, and the categorical imperative. Kant believed morality could be determined objectively through reason, contrasting with thinkers like David Hume, who saw morality as rooted in sentiment and subjective inclinations.
Background
Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason present the groundwork of his ethical framework. Aristotle argued that happiness (eudaimonia) was the primary ethical goal, while Kant rejected this focus and emphasized duty as the fundamental driver of moral actions.
Duty and the Categorical Imperative
For Kant, a moral act is driven purely by duty and respect for the moral law. The categorical imperative is his universal principle to test whether an action can be considered moral. It has several formulations, with a focus on:
- Universality: Act as if the principle for your action could become a universal law.
- Humanity as an End: Act so that you treat humanity, in yourself or others, always as an end and never merely as a means.
- Kingdom of Ends: Act as if a member of a "kingdom of ends" where everyone follows the categorical imperative.
Freedom
Kant argued that true freedom lies in autonomy – the ability to act by self-governed reason, free from external influences or personal desires. Only rational beings can possess this freedom, making them worthy of moral respect.
Legacy and Influence
Kantian ethics has been highly influential in the development of moral philosophy. Its emphasis on universal reason and respect for individuals continues to inspire contemporary debates on ethics, rights, and justice. Although his system faces criticisms due to its potential rigidity, it is a foundational reference point for moral philosophy.